Any manufacturing firm can learn a concept from the US automakers and their Japanese competitors that have set up the operations in america plus the automotive suppliers

In this work, Darwin showed that the species of plants and animals are variable, and that the present species have evolved naturally from the other species that existed previously. The options that come with the new species are made by the natural choice of the non-directional changes that are helpful for the organism. Therefore, the form most suited to your current environment will survive. In 1868, Darwin published his second major work called “The Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication,” that was a supplement for his theory (Shanahan 111). In this work, he included many different the specific proof of the evolution of organic kinds drawn from the centuries-old practice. The 3rd great focus on the theory of evolution named “The Descent of Man” ended up being published in 1871, by adding the book “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals”, this provides you with it a logical ending (Shanahan 249).

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The Evolution of Darwinism

Although Darwin’s theory ended up being based on a wide array of facts, ended up being carefully designed and looked really convincing, it has met a resistance within the scientific community and secular society. Even the secular press of this time wrote that Darwin’s ideas are not only unscientific, however if these are typically widespread, the morality would lose its steady authority.https://123helpme.me/profile-essay/ Therefore, the adoption associated with theory of evolution was a hard struggle, but Darwin himself did not be a part of it because of his poor health. In addition, the economic independence associated with really wealthy Darwin household allowed him not to take part in the “struggle for existence.”

Darwin’s theory hasn’t triumphed instantly and simultaneously in most countries. As a result of the efforts of Hooker, Lyell and Huxley in England, Haeckel and Mueller in Germany, it has been established in these countries throughout the life of Darwin (Masci 758). In France it had been perhaps not successful, because its scientific groups were dominated by the thought of catastrophism by G. Cuvier, while the theory did not find active supporters. As a whole, along the way associated with formation and evolution of Darwin’s theory (that has happened throughout its history), the controversy ended up being centered on a limited number of the key problems – the evidence associated with rightness or wrongness associated with evolutionary ideas. In particular, Darwin agreed to search for them within the fossils. He hoped that over time, interspecific transitional life kinds, which prove the rightness of his teaching, would be found. Since that time, thousands and thousands of fossils were discovered, however the situation remained rather tense. Merely a few findings could hardly pass for transitional kinds. Furthermore, between different vertebrates (fish, reptiles, and birds) there were at the least some dubious transitional kinds, while the process of transition from invertebrates to vertebrates remained a mystery. In addition, there were no convincing types of transitional kinds within the plant kingdom (Yahya 47).

However, Darwinism gradually gained energy, which allowed him not to tune in to the authoritative opponents. For instance, the famous works of Louis Pasteur, showing no traces of spontaneous generation in inanimate nature, were met with hostility. Within the days of Pasteur, the theory of germs was flourishing. Just before his work, people thought that the emergence of worms within the meat and fermentation of wine was a spontaneous processes (Yahya 17). Being a result, among the males of science, perhaps not all have perceived the thought of Darwinism. In England, included in this ended up being the founder associated with British Museum of Natural History, the anatomist Richard Owen, who opposed to the ideas of Darwin from a scientifically-based position. By the first twentieth century, it became clear for many that Darwin’s theory is flawed, because it remained unconfirmed within the fossil record. As a result, the various supporters of Darwinism began to tinker and improve it, creating neo-Darwinism or the synthetic theory of evolution. Since then, it is constantly evolving and is known even nowadays.

A vital take on Darwin’s Theory

Darwin’s teaching is dependant on the explained facts of evolution, which is the foundation associated with modern evolutionary theory. However, the latter could not have been produced on a single comparison of naturalistic facts. Therefore, one may assume that that Darwin’s evolutionism associated with 1840s has been developed within the framework associated with old ideas of natural theology, which claimed that God has established all of the existing things (Masci 759). In his works, Darwin used the language that has been characteristic associated with natural theology. However, he started filling the old religious principles utilizing the evolutionary content. Thus, you can argue that Darwin has drawn a hypothesis by means of the creature that is able to create a selection even more precisely than a human. The omnipresent and all-seeing being is able to look in the organisms and make the selection of their significant variations and features that occur very seldom in nature and may even guarantee their survival in the future. This line of reasoning has directly testified that Darwin did not break up utilizing the old theological ideas. Apparently, the immediate reasons for the Creator to the evolutionary process has served being a primary explanation associated with changes occurring utilizing the species, while a little stock of intraspecific variations has already established lower priority (Shanahan 118).

It is worth mentioning that Darwin paid little focus on the meaning of variability, which is the adaptive response of organisms to your environmental factors. He thought that the primary material for the evolution is supplied by the so-called indefinite variability occurring intoxicated by the external environment, but doesn’t have an adaptive nature, i.e. it emerges spontaneously without a particular reason. On the other hand, various opposing theories offered the dominant role in the process of evolution to adaptation. Based on these theories, the adaptive changes are inherited and are also the material for the evolutionary process.https://123helpme.me/argumentative-essay/ However, particular changes of adaptive kind – the so-called adaptive improvements (e.g. the crooked trunk associated with tree that grew in harsh conditions) – are not inherited (Wallace 85). Only the ability of organisms to the particular external factors is transferred from one generation to a different, as evidenced by the consistency with which the adaptive improvements appear once again after the restoration associated with former conditions. In addition, numerous experiments show that the hereditary changes emerging within the organisms are not adaptive. The adaptive improvements are perhaps not the new abilities, however the response developed due to your evolution of organisms (Wallace 86). Furthermore, most of the other principles of evolution that explained the driving forces associated with historical process in nature were speculative or in line with the idealistic attitude. However, the materialistic nature of Darwin’s theory made it unacceptable to your conservative element of biologists and religiously-minded groups. Still, it ought to be noted that in order to enhance the theory of natural selection, Darwin lacked many things, and especially genetics – the core of biology. Furthermore, Darwin wasn’t strong in logics, and some of his statements were contradictory. For instance, he was not able to explain the simultaneous existence of complex (the animals) and simple (the germs) types of living organisms, while, based on his theory, lower beings always evolved to the higher ones (Yahya 58). Furthermore, mathematicians have repeatedly drawn focus on the neo-Darwinian tautology in the provisions associated with survival and adaptation – species survive because they are able to adapt, while the ability to adapt provides their survival. Enough time factor is also the a key point for the theories of Darwinism and neo-Darwinism: there has always been enough time for the evolution, while the same time factor ruled out an experimental test of whether there is variability in species due to the change in the habitat conditions (Yahya 124). Therefore, due to the unverifiable biological macroevolution (from molecules to a man), the Darwin’s theory can be viewed as the item of faith, and is said to be derived beyond science.

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The Value for the Evolutionary Theory

Despite all of the flaws and disadvantages of his teaching, Darwin has become the first man in history to build up the theory of biological evolution. It is of great methodological importance and hasn’t only clearly and convincingly justified the thought of organic evolution, but additionally has made it possible to check on the credibility of the extremely theory of evolution. It’s a decisive stage of 1 of the best conceptual revolutions in science. Probably the most crucial event in this scientific revolution ended up being the replacement associated with theological ideas of evolution, which reported that plants and creatures were produced inside their modern kind. Despite intense criticism, Darwin’s theory quickly gained recognition simply because that the historical development of nature explained the observed occasions much better than the immutability of species. To substantiate his theory, Darwin, in contrast to his predecessors, has attracted a large amount of facts open to him from many different areas. Highlighting the biotic relations and their popular interpretation ended up being an crucial innovation associated with idea of Darwinian evolution. It gives the proper to summarize that Darwin created his own idea of the struggle for existence. It had been fundamentally different from the ideas of Darwin’s precursors. This is actually the essence associated with scientific need for Darwinism.

Another merit of Darwinism is his revelation associated with driving forces associated with organic evolution. The further development of biology has deepened and complemented his views, that has formed the foundation of modern Darwinism. Nowadays, in most biological disciplines, the leading spot is occupied by the historical research techniques that allow examining an individual path of evolution of different organisms and penetrating deeply to the essence of biological phenomena. The evolutionary theory of Darwin has been widely used in modern synthetic theory, where in actuality the only leading factor of evolution is natural selection, the material for which is supplied by the mutations. a historical analysis of Darwin’s theory inevitably provides rise to your new methodological issues of science, which may be the topic of a special study. The answers to these problems entail widening of the field of knowledge, and therefore the scientific progress in many areas: biology, medicine, as well as psychology, on that the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin had no less influence than in the natural sciences. Furthermore, the Darwinian approach has enabled a competent conversion of pets and cultivars, and breeding of new, more productive strains of microorganisms that are used due to the fact producers of antibiotics. Therefore, Darwinism has established the foundation for viewing the whole biosphere associated with planet being a complex evolving system, which may potentially allow humans to control the evolutionary process.

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Globalisation, outsourcing along with other trends have explicitly impacted supply chain actions and strategies of Toyota, along with other businesses. However, Japanese businesses such as for instance Toyota also face many different challenges that are pretty much unique for their nations. Many of these challenges are related to the problems of flexibility (Heizer & Render 2014). Toyota Company tends to be less far along with its established standardised global running models; mostly since it supplies chain process is tightly defined by the enterprise technology. The net impact is that broadening or changing the business supply chain reach often become more complicated, and therefore, less equipped to deal with common issues common within the emergent market (McKeller 2014).

Comparative research between American and Japanese Supply Chain Management

Many manufacturers are nowadays worried about inefficiency and delivery methods of the businesses. Therefore, businesses are increasingly replicating successful supply chain management so that they can guarantee efficiency inside their supply systems (McKeller 2014). Any manufacturing firm can learn a concept from the US automakers and their Japanese competitors that have set up the operations in america plus the automotive suppliers. In between 1980s and 1990, Japanese automakers established volume production capability in america, therefore, their practices of manufacturing became the typical of quality for the united states automotive industry (Morana 2013). Since then, such methods went beyond the Just-in-time delivery associated with parts to a plane and encompassed all lean manufacturing aspects. Relocated Japanese automakers realised that their success mostly depended on establishing a neighborhood supply chain, which implied sharing of similar manufacturing management technologies and methods utilizing the US suppliers in order to be competitive in Japan (Morana 2013). Though it had been initially perceived impossible thinking about the size associated with continent and transportation system, Japanese firms within the United States appear to prove otherwise. US automobile manufacturers started utilizing the Just-in-time (JIT) logistical approach from their suppliers.

Japanese Automakers, in comparison with their US counterparts, tend to emphasise on long term business model. When Honda, Toyota and Nissan established an engine and construction plants in the united states, they brought most of their nationals suppliers which had already grasped the lean concept and supply logistics (Johnsen, Howard & Miemczyk, 2014). However, force from the government made the automakers seek local supply sources that could meet their stringent, quality, price and delivery criteria. As a result, Japanese firms had either to simply accept poor performance or invest their relationship utilizing the US suppliers. Being a result, they chose to purchase supplier development initiatives (Viswanadham & Kameshwaran 2013). However, the American supply chain had been strenuous specifically for the automakers before adoption associated with lean concept. For example, Johnson Controls, an American firm that delivered seats for the Toyota just few hours prior to the seat were installed within the construction line (Johnsen, Howard & Miemczyk, 2014). However, before working with Toyota, the supplier might have a huge inventory of seats. Later, after working with Toyota, the degrees of inventory transpired from 32 days to 4.1 days.

The supplier plants making and shipping comparable product to both the united states and Japanese customers maintains lower levels of inventory for the Japanese firms than they do for the united states automakers. Suppliers serving Japanese firm achieved an inventory turnover of 38.3 when compared with 24.4 for the united states customers. They also maintain not as work in progress inventory, finished products and on wheel inventory for their Japanese customers. a crucial variation also happens among the Japanese and US customers (Viswanadham & Kameshwaran 2013). Among the transplanted automakers of Japan, Toyota is regarded as the first lean manufacturer with its Toyota production system. In USA, Chrysler leads its US peer, having committed to JIT systems so you can get parts to its construction plants. On the other hand, Ford has got the highest on-the-wheel inventory (Saban 2012).

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Although, American firms continue to lag behind their Japanese competitors, the united states automakers work towards enhancing. Whereas in the past weekly deliveries were common, there’s been a significant change towards daily deliveries and, thus, supported efforts toward reduced amount of the inventory. For example, regardless of its high on-the-wheel inventory, it has been moving aggressively towards realisation of a far better and efficient, small-lot deliveries as part of the Ford production system (Saban 2012). You might expect that reducing the inventory would enhance the danger of missing deliveries to your client and shutting down of the construction line, as an aspect that would end in more expensive shipment by expedited trucks. However, despite operating with much less inventory, Japanese transplants are not having to pay more for emergency shipping. Rather, they pay less in emergency shipping of approximately $371 per million sales than US automaker that pays $714 per million sales. Toyota suppliers would be the most useful performers with $204 while Chrysler is by far the worst with $1,235 (Packowski 2014).

Lean Production System, the advantages and Challenges to your Motor Industry

Although, a lot has been written about Just-in-time delivery along with lean manufacturing, there appears to be a misunderstanding regarding how exactly to utilise the above approaches effectively. Lean manufacturing is definitely an ideology that focuses on delivering quality items in the most reasonably priced through focusing at value stream focus (Saban 2012). The worthiness stream requires all steps along the way that are necessary to convert raw material into the product the customer desires. As a result, any step in the process that fails to achieve this goal is normally considered wasteful within the operations. Ultimate goal associated with lean supply chain management would be to reduce the waste, so the product flows because effectively as possible. However, the key part of the lean manufacturing process is the JIT delivery that ensures getting appropriate part at the right time (Packowski 2014).

The birth of lean manufacturing philosophy was in Japan within Toyota in 1940s. Toyota production systems were based around to make a continuous flow which did not depend on long production runs to be efficient (Packowski 2014). The model is totally based on recognition that only small percentage associated with total time and effort to process something is added value to your end client. Lean manufacturing starts utilizing the customer’s definition associated with value. Value isn’t defined by the company engineer, managers or the shareholder, but such a thing the client is ready to purchase. Thus, because the manufacturing process forms the automobile of delivering value to your client, the principle of lean thinking focuses on delivery product that are attractive to the customers’ needs (Monden 2012).

However, to be able to link all of the elements in the supply chain, it is crucial to ensure the flow of value. It’s a concept probably the most people contradicts utilizing the mass production systems (Monden 2012). For example, Toyota realised that absence of flow within the manufacturing process accounts for huge warehouses that home mass of inventory that consumes working capital associated with firm. Within the lean production process, value stream links the occasions or activities that ultimately deliver value to your consumer because it crosses functional and organisational boundaries (Monden 2012). Within the lean production concept, any activity or process that fails to include worth to your consumer is known as waste. However, the idea recognises that not all process is really a waste, particularly economic control they form a vital part of the company though they don’t add value to your client.

Great things about Lean Production System

Lean principles minimise all form of waste from the source. Through the idea, many sourced elements of the waste in Motor industry such as used machines and production of defected parts are detected and correct earlier within the production process. As an aspect that limits transfer of such errors to your ultimate product associated with car (In Kahraman & In ÖztayşI 2014). Furthermore, it permits identification of other forms of wastes such as for instance environmental conditions that impacts operation efficiency. In addition, implementing lean principles in company enhances staff satisfaction since their input is needed in implementation of the idea (In Kahraman & In ÖztayşI 2014). Employees are termed to be the best in pinpointing the origin of waste and operation inefficiency within the motor industry. Therefore, inclusion within the process nurtures a sense of duty, ownership and ultimately leads to satisfaction, a important aspect in improving productivity and efficiency in production process.

The idea offers a competitive advantage because it paid off the cost and improved efficiency. The method introduces system and develops skills in the staff, an element that support operation changes that scale the production process (Ciravegna 2012). Because it permits the motor firms to save lots of area within the warehouses, the additional area may be used for new auto-spare parts or other items. The idea is also accredited because of its ability to save time because it makes a staff adapt and react to new work in a quick and efficient manner, therefore, ensuring consumers’ needs are met (Ciravegna 2012). The idea provides the firm a competitive advantage since operation is normally first, with brief iterations, minimal waste and timely delivery.

Challenges

In most motor industry, lean production method can be overused resulting to inefficiency of operations. This often occurs when tracking of productivity while the waste start to affect the time employed for production. Initial implementation of lean principles leads to larger returns, however the productivity tends to drop over time (In Golińska 2014). Therefore, so that they can push such expectations, it is crucial to examine the worthiness of improvement. For instance, refined throughput of 1000 parts an hour or so in a single area, but with only 500 parts from the previous stage implies that results haven’t improved (In Kahraman & In ÖztayşI 2014). The idea also acts a supply of frustration to your worker. This occurs whenever a particular amount of refinement are achieved, the business applies the lean approach to realise more economy from the production process, an element that discourages the worker, reverse positive motivation and undermines the business leadership (In Golińska 2014). A trend indicating revert to previous improvement often shows staff resentment to your process. Therefore, striking a balance between your stasis and continuous improvement is really a critical challenge that faces any lean environment. However, complex businesses such as motor manufacturing firm are susceptible to such refinement because of complex nature of the operations (In Kahraman & In ÖztayşI 2014).

Analysis of JIT production and offer Management

Suitability of Toyota supply chain management has been numerously questioned, particularly from a environmental perspective. However, it is evident Toyota recognises that a stable supply chain is a significant part of maintaining its manufacturing process (Chopra & Meindl 2013). The business works closely with suppliers to be able to enhance its manufacturing procedures and productivity. Toyota is reputable because of its manufacturing operations that eradicate non-value adding activity. So that they can enhance sustainability, Toyota has programs that permit sharing of skills and knowledge utilizing the neighborhood suppliers to be able to guarantee their long-term sustainability (Agrawal 2010).

Toyota recognises need for having sustainable and capable automotive parts manufacturers that are globally competitive. The business through its JIT concept continues to get results closely with government while the industry to implements supplier improvement initiatives to enhance capabilities of neighborhood suppliers (Chopra & Meindl 2013). A team of experts in Toyota’s supplier development collaboratively works together with the supplier to embed the principles of Toyota production System (TPS) inside their manufacturing operations. The TPS strives for a completed elimination associated with waste in most facet of production to maximise efficiency. The business closely works together with its suppliers in identification and implementation of safety, quality, price and productivity improvement (Agrawal 2010).

Furthermore, sustainable JIT needs to be eco-efficiency and can be achieved through management of links within the supply chain to make sure these are typically aligned with consumer service level which involves acquisition of recycleables and delivery associated with product to your client via design, procurement, production and distribution (Prater & Whitehead 2013). However, the employment of JIT in Toyota has promoted sustainable logistics since its increase in operational efficiency and environmental sustainability in the transport and logistics system. Furthermore, Toyota JIT manufacturing strategy has been centered on changing the factory layout, therefore, eliminates the requirement to transporting product right back and forth to different machines; rather it arranges the equipment to ensure items flow smoothly from one machine to the other (Prater & Whitehead 2013). This significantly reduces the energy used, therefore, marketing environmental sustainability. JIT concept permits the business to lessen the quantity of waste manufactured in term of defects because the system is made to automatically detect the defects and only proceed until a individual intervention fix the problem (Prater & Whitehead 2013).

Within the face of international competition, businesses focus more on customers needs and seek way of reducing costs, improve quality. As a result, many companies have identified logistics as areas to construct benefits of price and service (Fliedner 2012). Just-in-time (JIT) management approach, that has typically been proved effective in manufacturing sector in quality enhancement, productivity and efficiency, improved communication and reduced amount of costs and waste permits the firms to quickly attain a competitive advantage through logistic (Fliedner 2012). The approach originated from Japan in 1950s. Since then, it has been later adopted by Toyota and another Japanese manufacturing firm due to its possible to raise productivity while eliminating waste. In Japan, waste manufacturing process is defined as anything else other than equipment, material and workers that are important in production (Grant, Trautrims & Wong 2013). The idea underlying the JIT is to find ways to make processes better utilizing the ultimate objective of producing products or services without incurring any waste.

JIT forms a integrated problem management perspective that aims at improving the standard and timeliness in production, supply and distribution. Toyota, the first company to realise full potential of JIT believed that the only method to make JIT efficient was to have every individual in the organisation involved and committed to the machine, resources and processes are fully utilised for the most output and efficiency while the product are sent to fulfill the market needs without delay (Grant, Trautrims & Wong 2013). To quickly attain objectives associated with JIT, the procedure mostly relies on the signals between different sections within the manufacturing process. However, JIT relies heavily on other important elements in the inventory chain. For instance, effective application cannot be independent of other key components of the lean manufacturing system. Regardless of its influence within the manufacturing process, focusing JIT in the presupposition of steadiness is usually inherently flawed (Iyer, Seshadri & Vasher 2009).

Personal Reflections on Toyota Supply Management

It is evident that international motor industry is facing challenges with its supply chain management, particularly due to the fact industry becomes globalised; the problem is complicated by increased competition while the urge to meet consumer needs. However, improving sustainability of key supply chain management and model embraced by key businesses such as for instance Toyota continues to be a challenge. Although, the question has been raised regarding suitability of JIT concept from a environmental perspective, I am associated with opinion that improving and reinforcing environmental management within the supply chain are critical for Toyota (Drake 2012). To be able to produce safe and clean items, it is important that all Toyota firms form concerted efforts to control the environmental impact through its supply chains.

Toyota needs to develop green purchasing guideline because of its suppliers considering the changes in environmental legal guidelines that have happened globally within the recent years. Such guideline will mostly reinforce the management of substances of concerns from managing raw material, through design, development, production and delivery associated with product. Explicit requirements vary susceptible to the kind of industry while the commodity produced by the supplier. However, supplier needs to be anticipated to comply with the relevant environmental needs. Improving sustainability associated with Toyota JIT model, Toyota needs to give a guideline on corporate social duty (Fliedner 2012). Such guideline has to entail company expectations associated with suppliers within the regions of environmental, safety and human legal rights and complement the green purchasing guidelines.

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The next decade was the most fruitful in the life of Carl Theodor Dreyer: he became a director. From 1920 to 1927 he managed to produce seven feature films. Finding way to them wasn’t as easy as he’d to go from the country, and discover sponsorship.

In 1925, after the success of the film ‘Honor your wife’, Dreyer received an offer to get results in France. He received an offer to make three films based on real historical stories, probably involving kings. However, Dreyer ended up being perhaps not thinking about regal people; he chose to create a film that describes the last days of Joan of Arc. The job process took a lot more than 2 yrs, however the result ended up being worth it: ‘The Passion of Joan of Arc’” continues to be considered among the best works of the great director (Milne, 22).

Utilizing the advent associated with sound era it became even more difficult for Dreyer to raise money for his films. In addition, within the thirties the whole Scandinavian cinema was in crisis. It order never to fall within the final melancholy, Dreyer chose to go back to journalism. For the 3rd decade associated with twentieth century, he managed to write many articles concerning the movie that became the material for the book ‘On the movie’. After that Carl Theodor Dreyer was able to go back to the cinema, but until his death he was haunted by the possible lack of funds to implement his plans.

Across the same time, when Dreyer received a license to operate ‘Dagmar’, that is, in 1952, he began focusing on the script for his new film ‘The Word’. When the film arrived on the scene, Dreyer recalled he desired to get this to film as soon as he saw the ‘Word’ within the theater at its premiere in 1932 (Drum & Drum, 14). It has artistic integrity and a kind of artistic naturalness, which is really suitable for the film.

Shortly thereafter, he wrote to Kaj Munk, whom he had never met in person, and asked him just how much he’s ready to sell the legal rights. When the amount of cash turned into rather high Dreyer, didn’t stop thinking, but he was perhaps not thinking about the money but about ‘The Word’. Only two years after he wrote a script staging ‘Kaj Munk’ served being a Lutheran pastor within the fishing community in Jutland, where he went after the theological faculty associated with University of Copenhagen. In 1924 Munk ended up being engaged in literary work, and is the author of about fifteen plays. In addition, Munk was a publicist and active anti-fascist. Back in 1938, he wrote articles against Benito Mussolini. Throughout the German occupation he did not cease in his sermons to condemn fascism and Danish collaborators. Regardless of the entreaties of friends, Munk did not wish to enter hiding, as well as in 1944 he was shot by three officers of Gestapo far from their own home. Munk ended up being probably one of the most famous Danes who were killed for their beliefs throughout the occupation (Drum & Drum, 10).

In 1943, the ‘Word’ ended up being filmed in Sweden, while the role played by older Borg Victor and Inger role by Wanda Rotgart, with who a year later dreyer was so unhappy throughout the filming of the ‘two’.

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